Nomadic life laid the foundation for Kazakh national cuisine many centuries ago. Much energy was required for the people’s rugged lifestyle lived out under harsh climactic conditions, and as a result the local diet has long featured hearty dishes made from filling and readily available ingredients, namely meat and milk products.

Traditional Kazakhstan food today is a symbiosis of traditions old and new. For example, previously there were no side dishes in Kazakh cuisine and meat alone might constitute an entire meal. It was only after the Kazakhs became sedentary and began to be influenced by surrounding nations that legumes, fruits, vegetables, fish, flour products and sweets appeared in their diet.

Contrary to popular belief, Kazakh cuisine is far from monotonous and you will rarely find two identical servings of the same dish from region to region. Recipes are often passed down for generations and each chef, be it the cook of a famous restaurant or a housewife, has their own special secrets. Kazakhstan food can also be healthy, for it is usually prepared with fresh and natural ingredients.

Kazakhs are a hospitable people who are known to share their treats with anyone who drops in for tea.

Guests are held in high esteem and are sure to be fed copious amounts of food. Yet gatherings are about far more than the meal itself, which is only one symbol of the hospitality and people-oriented culture for which Kazakhs are known.

Kazakh Meat Dishes

Kazakh national food can best be summarized in one word: meat. Any proper lunch or dinner will include meat, and traditional cuisine is filled with recipes with horse meat or lamb as the key ingredient. Beef is used less often in Kazakh cuisine, while poultry does not even qualify as meat to the average Kazakh.

Besbarmak (beshbarmak) is the national dish of Kazakhstan, and as such is served at nearly every feast. This dish of boiled meat and thin squares of homemade noodles is usually served with broth on a large communal plate. Besbarmak is sometimes referred to in Russian as “Kazakh-style meat.”

Kuyrdak (roast meat) is usually served before the main course of besbarmak.

Syrne (sirne), fried young lamb with onions and potatoes, is one of the most beloved Kazakh meat dishes.

Kazy and shuzhyk are two types of homemade horse sausage that are often seen on the table on holidays.

Two of the most popular local meat dishes, laghman and manti, deserve special attention.

Kazakh Dairy Products

Kazakh dairy products occupy a special place in the national cuisine. They primarily consist of fermented milk products and dishes which call for these ingredients. Some of the most popular include:

Kurt – dried balls of sour milk, salt and sometimes pepper which are 2-5 centimeters in diameter;

Irimshik – faintly sweet hard cheese made from cow or sheep milk;

Kaymak – fresh cream very similar to sour cream;

Kurt and irimshik can be consumed as separate foods, while kaymak is typically eaten with bread or added into soups.

Kazakh Fish Dishes

Despite being a landlocked country, Kazakh national food also includes fish dishes. While not as common as meat-based meals, they occupy a central place on the table when they are served.

The most famous of Kazakh fish dishes is koktal, a hot, smoked fish which is cooked on a stake and served with vegetables.

Residents of South Kazakhstan love a dish called karmà, a boiled fish mixed with noodles and generously smothered in butter.

Kazakh Bread Products

Baursak are small chunks of square or round yeast dough which are fried in oil and served with tea, soups and main courses.

Shelpeki is a thin unleavened bread which is fried in oil.

Tandoor nan is everyday yeast bread baked in a clay oven (tandoor) and served with every meal.

Ak-nan is a flat cake with onions cooked into the dough. It is often served with besbarmak.

Samsas, puff pastries filled with meat, potatoes or cheese, are the ultimate Kazakhstan street food.

Kazakh Drinks

Kazakh cuisine includes not only food but also unusual drinks. Black tea is very popular both at home and in social settings. Green tea is less common save for the so-called Tashkent tea, a mixture of black and green tea with lemon and honey.

Fermented milk products are very popular Kazakh drinks. Shubat and kumys (kumis) are made from camel and mare’s milk, while katyk and ayran are derived from cow’s milk.

Shyrchay is black tea with milk, salt, butter, flour and fried tail fat. It is usually only served at home.

Kefir is either enjoyed as a standalone drink or mixed in with hot breakfast cereals. It is full of healthful properties for the skin and digestive system.

Kazakh Sweets

Kazakh national cuisine would be incomplete without sweets. While desserts do not play a prominent role in the local diet, the Kazakh sweets that are commonly served are well worth tasting.

Shak-shak (shek-shek) is made from small pieces of dough which are fried in oil and mixed with honey. It is usually decorated with raisins and nuts before serving.

Balkaymak is a stewed cream. As the cream is simmered over low heat, flour and honey are gradually added until a light brown mass has formed. Balkaymak is best when eaten with hot baursak.

Zhent is a Kazakh dessert made from cottage cheese, millet, sugar, butter and raisins. It is usually prepared on special occasions and can resemble Uzbek halva in appearance.

Kazakh Holiday Foods

Nauryz kozhe is a festive dish with seven symbolic components: meat, water, salt, grain, butter, flour and milk. The most traditional variant is made from broth, onion, katyk, kurt, kumis and boiled meat, kazy, barley and millet. Kazakhs love Nauryz kozhe not only because it is cooked only during the spring Nauryz holiday but also because it is very nutritious.

Sumalak is sprouted wheat which must be stirred constantly as it boils for a full day. The end result is a thick, semisweet paste which can be eaten on its own or with bread. Sumalak is also customarily made for Nauryz.

Pilaf is made from rice, meat, onions, carrots, raisins, chickpeas, garlic and spices and is increasingly common at holiday gatherings.